Copper Atom — Electron Cloud Under Applied Voltage

Cu · Copper

Z = 29 · [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

Nucleus (+29e) → (−) plate Electron-cloud center → (+) plate Induced dipole p

Field Response

Ground state

E-field0.000MV/m

Nucleus–cloud offset0.00pm

Induced dipole0.00D

K 2 L 8 M 18 N 1

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Electron beads Orbital flow (m ≠ 0) Studio background Centers & dipole E-field lines Capacitor plates Labels

Applied voltage across 1 cm gap

0 V

0 V5 kV10 kV15 kV20 kV

E-field direction

Cloud pulled to (+) · nucleus pushed to (−)

The cloud remains spherical; nucleus and centroid coincide.

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